Low-income housing governance in Indonesia: Dynamics of market involvement and institutional complexities

This study examines how market dynamics and regulatory frameworks preserve specific affordable housing patterns in the Bandung Metropolitan Area. In Indonesia, commercial developers largely supply low-income housing, mainly delivering basic single-family units situated increasingly far from city centres. Combining historical developments, stakeholder views, and policy delivery practices, the research investigates this governance interplay. It finds that private involvement arose before regulatory structures were established, with government policies subsequently formalising this market role. State policies, commercial pragmatism, and public attachment together reinforce this single-family ownership model. Ultimately, the work shows how governance arrangements reproduce this suburbanised outcome and highlights the need for active government steering toward more compact urban housing.