Methods for Quantifying and Enhancing Kraft Lignin Dispersion in Butadiene Rubber

The thesis examined how kraft lignin, a renewable by-product from forestry, could be used more effectively as a filler in butadiene rubber. It found that rubber performance chiefly depends on getting rid of sizable lignin agglomerates, not on lowering the mean particle size. Heating during mixing was the most successful means of dispersing the lignin, and greater dispersal improved strength and wear resistance. Certain silane additives further enhanced bonding between rubber and filler. The results offer new ways to measure lignin dispersion and practical direction for making rubber products, such as tyres, that rely less on fossil-based reinforcing fillers.